AFRL pushes boundaries in metals printing with new research
WRIGHT-PATTERSON AIR FORCE BASE, Ohio – Advancing the state of the art in metals additive manufacturing pushes the boundaries of possibility for aerospace and defense applications.
Metal additive manufacturing allows the manufacturing of parts with complex geometries that are otherwise un-manufacturable, producing unique, performance-enhancing designs. The feasibility of small production runs and quick turn-around are two additional benefits of AM.
State-of-the-art metal 3D printers promise to revolutionize manufacturing, but have not reached optimal operational reliability. One challenge is to control complex, interdependent laser–powder–melt pool dynamics to avoid the formation of defects.
Dr. Eddie Schwalbach, Research Materials Engineer at the Air Force Research Laboratory’s Materials and Manufacturing Directorate is responsible for performing in-house research and monitoring external projects dealing with metallic additive manufacturing technologies.
Schwalbach is part of a larger team at AFRL including Drs. Megna Shah, Michael Chapman, and Kevin Chaput (Northrop Grumman) that utilized advanced 3D metallographic techniques known as serial sectioning to compliment advanced process modeling work performed at Lawrence Livermore National Lab.
“The collaboration is an excellent example of how cutting edge materials characterization tools and advanced process modeling can be combined to investigate behaviors in the AM process that can lead to detrimental flaws,” said Schwalbach.
AM is similar to laser welding in that it is known to produce material with defects that can degrade the strength/mechanical properties, thus limiting the use of the technology for demanding aerospace applications. Such defects can be a result of seemingly trivial changes in processing details.
The nature of defects produced by AM processes can offer a link to the mechanism responsible for forming them, which is, in turn, necessary to either better control or improve existing design processes.
Specific concerns during printing include the ejection of “spatter,” liquid droplets or entrained powder particles that undergo expulsion from the melt pool and appear as the sparks or smoke in videos of metal AM printing, and the formation of a depression on the deposited surface that can lead to entrapped voids The modeling tools were used to test processing strategies to eliminate these performance limiting behaviors, and ultimately present a roadmap for reducing spatter and decreasing voids in metal AM parts.
The work sheds light on mechanisms that form defects, and offers a solution for avoidance.
The modeling work and process designed/executed by the LLNL authors is cutting edge. AFRL provided unique and highly detailed characterization to confirm the nature of the end of track depressions and subsequent void formation.
High-fidelity multiphysics simulations coupled with in situ diagnostics will be indispensable in introducing stability criteria to advance manufacturing and help usher in the industry revolution.
For further information on controlling interdependent meso-nanosecond dynamics and defect generation in metal 3D printing, see Science, Vol 368, Issue 6491, 08 May 2020.
Depicted is a 3-dimensional reconstruction of an end-of-track defect observed in processing of titanium. The remnant depression visible on the top surface can lead to defects when subsequent layers are deposited. Also visible are different microstructures in the substrate, heat affected zone, and deposited material. (Courtesy illustration)