Air Force scientists granted patent for new process that extends antibody and vaccine shelf life

WRIGHT-PATTERSON AIR FORCE BASE, Ohio – Three Air Force researchers were recently granted a patent on a method for stabilizing biological materials such as vaccines, antibodies, anti-venoms and antibiotics without using refrigeration. Drs. Joseph M. Slocik, Rajesh R. Naik and Patrick B. Dennis of AFRL’s 711th Human Performance Wing and Materials and Manufacturing Directorate at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base have spent the last three years working on this vital project.

Just like meat and vegetables, most biological materials—including antibodies and vaccines—must be stored under constant refrigeration. Keeping materials refrigerated, called cold chain logistics, is a problem if they are shipped to areas without electricity or if the equipment breaks down during transit. While preserving these materials is of paramount importance to American warfighters, it has recently become especially critical to everyone else, as well—military or not, American or not—since the arrival of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Most biological materials store and function best when they are kept in water that is neither too acid nor too alkaline, that is, near to pH neutral. Over time, however, this required water environment actually hastens the decay of the material. Without refrigeration, the decay process is fast. The “half-life” of an unrefrigerated vaccine, for example, is about two days.

The problem boils down to water. Significantly increasing the shelf-life of biological materials means getting the water out of their production and storage. “The process of removing water is very similar to how freeze-dried coffee is made,” said Research Biologist Patrick Dennis. “Once the water is removed, the protein is highly concentrated and remains a liquid. No additional solvent is needed.”

The research team has not yet worked with vaccines, however. The work that led to the patent was done with antibodies. An antibody is a protein produced when an agent such as a virus is recognized by the immune system. The antibody combines chemically with the virus to destroy it. One treatment currently under study involves using antibodies from patients who have recovered from COVID-19 as a treatment for others who become infected.

However, Dennis cautions against too much enthusiasm at this point in seeing this as part of the war on COVID-19. “The work planned is for lab-level studies, not clinical,” said Dennis.

Further research has been transitioned to the Defense Health Program to test the application of this technology to stabilizing vaccines. AFRL has also engaged with the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to search for enabling technologies that can be used to reduce cold chain logistics in austere environments.

“We are very excited to begin the studies into how this technology can be used to increase the shelf-life of vaccines so they can be more easily transported to stricken areas,” said Dennis. “As I write this, I am sheltering-in-place and telecommuting to work, so every day is a constant reminder of how impactful vaccine stabilization could be to our economy, culture and society as a whole.”

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From left to right: Drs. Joe Slocik, Rajesh Naik and Patrick Dennis. (Courtesy photo)